Born criminal: Lombroso - prison doctor, criminals and noncriminals were at different stages of development, physical features of person, e.g. size and shape of skull, cheekbones, Darwin was popular at time

Types of people: Dugdale, hereditary factors, studies of entire families, Goddard - feeblemindedness, i.e. lack of intelligence made one incapable of understanding potential immorality of behaviour and less able to control emotions. 3 categories concept is explanation in itself for delinquent behaviour:

Delinquent: people who can change their ways if receive right sort of guidance

Dependant: people whose well-being depended on assistance of others

Defective: people with limited abilities, and thus not to be responsible for actions

Eugenics: sterilization

Dangerous class - "the poor": parents seen as such but not children

Twins and adopted children

Body types: Sheldon, 3 body types endomorph are soft and round, mesomorph are muscular and athletic - the criminal!!, and ectomorph are thin and fragile

Chromosones

IQ - class and race bias inherent in such tests

Learning disabilities - causes not known

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): found in delinquent children

Who is being measured - prison populations or boys or poor people

Spuriousness and time priority: failure to account for cause and effect

Fail to account for environmental impacts on behaviour and thus overestimate biological impact

Responses to conditions

Psychoanalytic theories: Freud and Erikson, underdeveloped and overdeveloped superego

Behaviourism: Skinner and Pavlov, how people learn to behave, idea is that behaviour is conditioned by rewards (reinforcements) and punishmentspeople break the law because they can do so and not be punished, law and order approach cornerstone, ignores thought in learning

Social learning theory: Bandura, learning process is cognitive rather than behavioural, learn through imitation and watching others, idea for copycat crime and violence & TV & children, can't account for differences in cognition

Moral Development theory: Piaget and Kolhberg, delinquents are said to be at a lower stage of moral development, focused on boys (justice) and not girls (caring and responsibility) and the two have different moral orientation

Personality theory: Healy and Bronner, a particular trait or set of traits produces delinquency, a type of person, time priority and spuriousness are a problem

Antisocial Personality Disorder theory: Eysenck and Shoemaker

Social Disorganization and Strain theory: Shaw and McKay of Chicago school, analyzing spatial distribution of social problems and their relation to physical environment - Human Ecology where city is divided into zones and some are socially disorganized with all the urban problems

Anomie: Durkheim and Merton, a state of normlessness in which rules are no longer sufficient to control social behaviour, strain theory asserts children are basically good and engage in delinquent behaviour under conditions of stress

Delinquent Subculture: Cohen, a group solution to the frustration of being unable to achieve middle-class goals, lower class youth do not share social values, lifestyles and skills of middle-class youth but find themselves in the latter's world

Differential Opportunity: Cloward and Ohlin, access to opportunity structures, illegal ones when access to legal ones is not available (Merton only focused on legal ones)

Criticisms: focus too much on class, focus on educational and occupational sources of strain

Culture and Learning Theory

Class culture: Miller, focus on cultural factors, e.g. family structure

Differential Association: Sutherland, delinquent behaviour is learned by interacting with others who are delinquent, organized communities not like Shaw and McKay, delinquents and nondelinquents have same needs and values

Drift and Delinquency: Matza, delinquent behaviour is situational rather than learned, something that juveniles drift in and out of as situations, circumstances and opportunities present themselves, youth rationalize their behaviour

Techniques of Neutralization: Sykes and Matza, 5 defence mechanisms or t of n that youth use to rationalize, justify or excuse the negative aspects of their delinquent behaviour: denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties

Containment: Reckless, pull and push factors, outer pulls or environmental factors such poverty, inner pushes or psychological or biological factors such as hostility, external containment factors or outer controls such as community ties, internal containment controls such as positive self-concept

Social Bond: Hirschi, not why do they do it but why do we not do it, the social bond includes attachment, commitment, involvement and beliefs are what prevent youth from doing it.